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1 su
1. prep onargomento about( circa) (round) aboutsul tavolo on the tablesul mare by the seasulle tremila lire round about three thousand liresu misura made to measurenove volte su dieci nine times out of ten2. adv up( al piano di sopra) upstairssu! come on!guardare in su look up* * *su avv.1 ( moto, direzione) up; ( al piano superiore) upstairs: puoi venire su un momento?, can you come up (stairs) a moment?; vado su a prendere le chiavi, I'll go up and get the keys; l'ho mandato su in solaio, I've sent him up to the attic; devo portare su le valigie?, shall I bring the cases up?; guardate su, look up; tira su quel pezzo di carta, pick up that piece of paper; il prezzo della benzina è andato su parecchio, the price of petrol has gone up a great deal // là su → lassù; qua su → quassù // su e giù → giù // su per, up: su per la collina, up the hill; si precipitò su per le scale, he rushed upstairs // metter su casa, to set up house // tirar su un bambino, ( allevarlo) to bring up a child // tirarsi su, ( in salute) to recover (o to pick up); ( finanziariamente) to get on one's feet again // Con uso rafforzativo: si spinse su su fino alla vetta, he climbed all the way up to the summit; risalire su su fino alle origini, to go all the way back to the beginning2 ( posizione, situazione) up (above) (anche fig.); ( al piano superiore) upstairs: gli ospiti sono su in terrazza, the guests are up on the terrace; l'ufficio è su al primo piano, the office is up on the first floor; ti chiamano da su, they're calling you from upstairs (o from up above); a mezzanotte era ancora su, ( alzato) he was still up at midnight // più su, higher up; ( più avanti) further up (o further along): abita due piani più su, he lives two floors (higher) up; appendi il quadro un po' più su, hang the picture a little higher up; l'albergo è pochi metri più su, the hotel is a few metres further on3 ( indosso) on: aveva su un paio di scarpe nuove, he had a new pair of shoes on; metti su il soprabito, put your coat on // metter su arie, to put on airs4 ( con valore esortativo): su, sbrigati!, get a move on!; su, andiamo!, come on, let's go!; su, coraggio!, su con la vita!, cheer up!; su, non piangere!, come on, don't cry!5 ( con uso pleonastico): di su!, out with it!6 in su, ( verso l'alto) up (wards); ( in avanti) onwards: guardai in su, I looked up; giaceva sul pavimento a faccia in su, he was lying face upwards on the floor; dalla vita in su, from the waist upwards; camminare col naso in su, to walk with one's nose in the air; i nostri prezzi vanno da dieci euro in su, our prices are from ten euros upwards; il traffico è scorrevole da Bologna in su, the traffic is moving smoothly from Bologna onwards; la norma si applica a tutto il personale, dal fattorino in su, the rule applies to all staff, from the office boy up; la tapparella non va né in su né in giù, the shutter won't go either up or down◆ s.m.: era un su e giù continuo, it was a continuous coming and going.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: su le mani!, hands up! // su per giù, more or less (o roughly o about): avrà su per giù la mia età, he must be about my age; c'erano su per giù mille persone, there were roughly a thousand people // essere su di morale, to be in high spirits // essere su di giri, to be revved up; (fig.) to feel on top of the world // avercela su con qlcu., to have it in for s.o. ∙ Per andare su, mettere su, venire su → anche andare, mettere, venire.su prep.1 ( per indicare sovrapposizione con contatto) on, (form.) upon; ( con movimento) up; on to (o onto); ( in cima a) on top of: c'è una macchia sul pavimento, there's a stain on the floor; la lettera era sul tavolo, the letter was on the table; posalo sulla sedia, put it on the chair; l'acrobata camminava su una fune, the acrobat was walking on a tightrope; metti il coperchio sulla pentola, put the lid on the pan; si arrampicò su un albero, he climbed up a tree; salire su una scala, to go up a ladder; salire sul treno, to get on the train; caricarono gli sci sul tetto della macchina, they loaded the skis on to the car roof (o on top of the car); i corpi giacevano ammassati uno sull'altro, the bodies were piled one on top of another; il paese sorgeva su una ridente collina, the village stood on (o upon) a sunny hilltop; l'aereo si è schiantato sull'autostrada, the plane crashed on to the motorway // il suo ragionamento si fondava su false premesse, his reasoning was based on false assumptions // far assegnamento su qlcu., to rely on s.o.2 (per indicare sovrapposizione senza contatto, ovvero protezione, difesa, rivestimento) over: stiamo volando su Londra, we're flying over London; c'è un ponte sul fiume, there's a bridge over the river; una nube tossica incombeva sulla città, a toxic cloud hung over the city; metti un golfino sulle spalle, put a cardigan over your shoulders; passare la lucidatrice sul pavimento, to pass the polisher over the floor; spalmare la crema sul viso, to spread cream over one's face // sul suo capo pendeva la minaccia del licenziamento, the threat of dismissal hung over his head3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio, controllo) over: non ha alcuna autorità su di noi, he has no authority over us; celebrare la vittoria sul nemico, to celebrate one's victory over the enemy; regnare su un popolo, to reign over a people; esercitare la propria influenza, il proprio potere su qlcu., to exert one's influence, power over s.o.; avere un vantaggio su qlcu., to have an advantage over s.o.4 (a un livello superiore, più in alto di) above (anche fig.): il sole era alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was high above the horizon; il paese è a 500 metri sul livello del mare, the village is 500 m above sea level // per lui il lavoro ha la precedenza su tutto, he puts work before everything5 ( lungo) on; ( che si affaccia su) on to (o onto): una casa, una città sul fiume, a house, a city on the river; un negozio sul corso principale, a shop on the main street; passeggiammo sul lungomare, we walked on (o along) the seafront; la mia finestra guarda sul cortile, my window looks on to (o onto) the courtyard; questa porta dà sul giardino, this door opens onto the garden6 ( verso, in direzione di, contro) to (wards); ( contro) on; at: l'esercito marciò su Napoli, the army marched on Naples; tutti i riflettori erano puntati sulla rock star, all the spotlights were focused on the rock star; tutti si scagliarono su di lui, they all flung themselves at (o on) him (o fam. they all went for him); sparare sulla folla, to fire on (o into) the crowd7 ( dopo, di seguito a) after: commettere errori su errori, to make mistake after mistake // costruire pietra su pietra, to build stone by stone8 ( approssimativamente) about; ( di tempo) at, about: sul mezzogiorno, about midday; sul far della sera, at nightfall; sulla fine del secolo, at the turn of the century; da qui a Firenze ci si impiega sulle tre ore, it takes about three hours to get (from here) to Florence; peserà sui 50 chili, it must weigh about 50 kilos; l'ha pagato sui 500 euro, he paid about 500 euros for it; un ragazzo sui 10 anni, a boy about 10 years of age; è sulla trentina, he's about thirty years old // un colore sul verde, a greenish colour // era un po' sul depresso, he was a bit depressed9 ( intorno a, riguardo a) on, about: un saggio sulla letteratura del Novecento, an essay on 20th century literature; su che cosa sarà la conferenza?, what will the talk be about?; sa tutto sulla storia del jazz, he knows everything about the history of jazz; discutere sui fatti del giorno, to discuss the day's events10 ( per esprimere proporzione) out of: nove su dieci espressero parere favorevole, nine out of ten were in favour; arriva in ritardo due gioni su tre, he arrives late two days out of three; una volta su mille, one time out of a thousand; meritare otto su dieci, to get eight out of ten.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: sul momento, at first; sull'istante, immediately; sui due piedi, on the spot // su misura, made to measure // dipinto su legno, tela, painted on wood, canvas // (comm.): su campione, by sample; su campione tipo, on type (o on standard); su richiesta, on demand // essere sul punto di fare qlco., to be about (o to be going) to do sthg. // fare sul serio, to be in (o deadly) earnest (o to be serious): fai sul serio?, are you serious? (o fam. no kidding?) // credere sulla parola, to take s.o.'s word for it.* * *[su]1. prep su + il=sul, su + lo=sullo, su + l'=sull', su + la=sulla, su + i=sui, su + gli=sugli, su + le= sullegettarsi sulla preda — to throw o.s. on one's prey
procedi sulla sinistra — keep on o to the left
2) (addosso) overbuttati uno scialle sulle spalle — throw a shawl over o round your shoulders
3) (da una parte all'altra) over4) (autorità, dominio) over5) (più in alto di) above100 metri sul livello del mare — 100 metres above sea level
6) (argomento) about, onun articolo sulla prima guerra mondiale — an article on o about the First World War
una conferenza sulla pace nel mondo — a conference on o about world peace
7) (circa) about, around8) (proporzione) out of, in2 giorni su 3 — 2 days out of 3, 2 days in 3
9)2. avv1) (in alto, verso l'alto) up, (al piano superiore) upstairssu — look uplì
su — up theresu — up here2) (in poi) onwardsdal numero 39 in su — from number 39 onwards
dai 20 anni in su — from the age of 20 onwards
prezzi dalle 50 euro in su — prices from 50 euros (upwards)
3) (addosso) on4)su coraggio! — come on, cheer up!su su non fare così! — now, now, don't behave like that!
su dal niente — to rise from nothing* * *[su] 1.1) (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top ofpassare la mano su qcs. — to run one's hand over sth.
salire sulla scala, su un albero — to climb (up) the ladder, a tree
salire sul treno, sull'autobus — to get on o onto the train, the bus
2) (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) overun ponte sul fiume — a bridge across o over the river
3) (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over4) (al di sopra di) above5) (verso)la stanza dà sul parco — the room looks onto o towards the park
puntare un'arma su qcn. — to aim a gun at sb
sul quarto canale — telev. on channel four
8) (riguardo a, intorno a) on, aboutsu consiglio di qcn. — on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion
su ordine di qcn. — on sb.'s order
10) (per indicare approssimazione) about, around11) (per indicare iterazione) after, uponcommettere sbagli su sbagli — to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake
12) (distributivo) out of2.1) (in alto) up2) (al piano superiore) upstairsportare qcs. su in soffitta — to take sth. up to the attic
salire su su nel cielo — to raise up and up o further up into the sky
4) in su up, upwards5) su persu per la montagna, le scale — up the mountain, the stairs
6) su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro3.interiezione come on* * *su/su/1 (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top of; la tazza è sul tavolo the cup is on the table; battere il pugno sul tavolo to slam one's fist on the table; passare la mano su qcs. to run one's hand over sth.; salire sulla scala, su un albero to climb (up) the ladder, a tree; dimenticare l'ombrello sul treno to leave one's umbrella on the train; salire sul treno, sull'autobus to get on o onto the train, the bus; mettilo su quel mucchio put it on top of that pile2 (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) over; nuvole sulle montagne clouds over the mountain tops; un ponte sul fiume a bridge across o over the river; portare un maglione sulla camicia to wear a sweater over one's shirt; mettere una coperta sulla poltrona to lay a blanket over the armchair3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over; governare su un paese to rule (over) a country4 (al di sopra di) above; 500 m sul livello del mare 500 m above sea level5 (verso) la stanza dà sul parco the room looks onto o towards the park; puntare un'arma su qcn. to aim a gun at sb.6 (con nomi di fiumi e laghi) un ponte sul Tamigi a bridge over the Thames; le città sul Po the towns along the Po; crociera sul Nilo cruise on the Nile; vacanze sul Lago Maggiore holidays by Lake Maggiore7 (per indicare un supporto) on; su CD on CD; disegnare sulla sabbia to draw in the sand; copiare su carta to copy onto paper; sul giornale in the newspaper; sul quarto canale telev. on channel four8 (riguardo a, intorno a) on, about9 (per indicare il modo) su commissione on commission; su consiglio di qcn. on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion; su ordine di qcn. on sb.'s order10 (per indicare approssimazione) about, around; essere sui vent'anni to be about twenty; sul finire del secolo towards the end of the century11 (per indicare iterazione) after, upon; commettere sbagli su sbagli to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake12 (distributivo) out of; due persone su tre two out of every three people; una settimana su tre one week in threeII avverbio2 (al piano superiore) upstairs; su fa più freddo it's colder upstairs; portare qcs. su in soffitta to take sth. up to the attic4 in su up, upwards; più in su further up; guardare in su to look up(wards); dalla vita in su from the waist up(wards); dai 3 anni in su from (the age of) 3 up; a faccia in su face up(wards)5 su per su per la montagna, le scale up the mountain, the stairs6 su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro; andare su e giù per le scale to go up and down the stairsIII interiezionecome on. -
2 su
[su]1. prep su + il=sul, su + lo=sullo, su + l'=sull', su + la=sulla, su + i=sui, su + gli=sugli, su + le= sullegettarsi sulla preda — to throw o.s. on one's prey
procedi sulla sinistra — keep on o to the left
2) (addosso) overbuttati uno scialle sulle spalle — throw a shawl over o round your shoulders
3) (da una parte all'altra) over4) (autorità, dominio) over5) (più in alto di) above100 metri sul livello del mare — 100 metres above sea level
6) (argomento) about, onun articolo sulla prima guerra mondiale — an article on o about the First World War
una conferenza sulla pace nel mondo — a conference on o about world peace
7) (circa) about, around8) (proporzione) out of, in2 giorni su 3 — 2 days out of 3, 2 days in 3
9)2. avv1) (in alto, verso l'alto) up, (al piano superiore) upstairssu — look uplì
su — up theresu — up here2) (in poi) onwardsdal numero 39 in su — from number 39 onwards
dai 20 anni in su — from the age of 20 onwards
prezzi dalle 50 euro in su — prices from 50 euros (upwards)
3) (addosso) on4)su coraggio! — come on, cheer up!su su non fare così! — now, now, don't behave like that!
su dal niente — to rise from nothing -
3 above
I adv 1. наверх, наверху; 2. выше Наречие above 2. носит книжный характер и употребляется главным образом в письменной речи. Оно используется для отсылки к уже упомянутому и чаще всего сочетается с глаголами сообщения типа mention, report, state, quote и с существительными типа table, paragraph:as shown (reported, stated) above — как показано (как сообщалось, как указывалось и т. д.) выше;
the table above shows — таблица, приведенная выше, показывает.
II prp 1. над; 2. свыше, выше, больше (1). Предлог above может употребляться с предшествующим указанием на расстояние до указанного объекта:far above our heads — высоко над нашей головой.
Такое одновременное указание на положение и расстояние часто связано с наречиями и предлогами along, behind, below, beyond, down, under, up:a few steps behind the crowd — пару шагов позади толпы;
a mile below — милей ниже;
far down — далеко внизу;
miles and miles along the shore — много миль вдоль берега.
(2). Предлог above подчеркивает нахождение объекта выше, чем что-либо, поднятым над некоторой точкой отсчета, и предполагает известное расстояние между этими двумя точками. Предлог above может относиться как к пространственному, физическому положению, так и к умственным способностям, духовным качествам и социальному положению:in a flat above the shop — в квартире над магазином;
six feet above the level of the floor — шесть футов над полом;
above sea-level — выше уровня моря, над уровнем моря;
two degrees above zero — два градуса выше нуля;
above your ability — выше твоих способностей;
above criticism — выше всякой критики.
(3). Русское над в значении положения над чем-либо, выше, чем что-либо, кроме предлога above, может передаваться предлогом over. Однако over, в отличие от above, не предполагает ни обязательного расстояния между двумя объектами, ни положения выше точки отсчета, а подчеркивает непосредственное полное или частичное покрытие всей поверхности:He held his hands above his head — Он держал руки вытянутыми над головой (он держал руки прямо вверх от плеч так, что они поднимались/были выше головы).
He held his hands over his head — Он закрывал/прикрывал голову руками (он держал руки, прикрывая голову полностью или частично).
В ряде контекстов предлоги above и over взаимозаменимы:He held an umbrella over/above her head — Он держал зонтик у нее над головой.
The aeroplane flew over/above the city — Самолет летел над городом.
(4). В количественных выражениях above 2., как и его антоним below, указывает только на направление и положение относительно точки отсчета:500 ft above sea level — 500 футов над уровнем моря;
children above the age of 10 (aged 10 and above) — дети около 10 лет.
В отличие от above, предлог over подчеркивает превышение степени качества, часто значительное, по сравнению с ожидаемой на некоторой шкале:He is over sixty (но не above) — Ему уже за шестьдесят (больше чем шестьдесят);
He has been there over five hours — Он пробыл там свыше (намного больше) пяти часов.
The repairs to my watch cost me over five pounds — Починка часов стоила мне более пяти фунтов.
(5). Для указания движения над чем-либо, поверх чего-либо и часто перемещения за пределы этого объекта употребляется только over:to throw the ball over the fence — перебросить мяч через забор;
to jump over the stream — перепрыгнуть через ручей;
to lean over the child — склониться/наклониться над ребенком.
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4 above
I [ə'bʌv] adv1) наверх, наверху- sky above- from above
- live on the floor above2) выше- in the list above•USAGE:Наречие above носит книжный характер и употребляется, главным образом, в письменной речи. Это наречие используется для отсылки к уже упомянутому и, чаще всего, сочетается с глаголами сообщения типа to mention, to report, to state, to quote и с существительными типа table, figure: as shown (reported, stated) above как показано (сообщалось, указывалось) выше; as shown in table two как видно из таблицы 2; the table above shows... таблица, приведенная выше, показывает....II [ə'bʌv] prp1) над- above the clouds
- above the roof2) свыше, выше, больше, более, вне- above ten studentsIt is all above me. — Все это выше моего понимания.
- above ten books
- above criticism
- above suspicion
- above all•USAGE:(1.) Предлог above может употребляться с предшествующим указанием на расстояние до упомянутого объекта, обозначая, таким образом, одновременно и положение и расстояние по отношению к упомянутому объекту: far above our heads высоко над нашей головой. Такое одновременное указание на положение и расстояние присуще как предлогам, так и омонимичным им наречиям along, behind, below, beyond, down under, up: a few steps behind the crowd на несколько шагов позади толпы/в нескольких шагах позади толпы; a mile below милей ниже; far down далеко внизу; miles and miles along the shore много миль вдоль берега. (2.) Предлог above подчеркивает нахождение объекта выше, чем что-либо, поднятым над некоторой точкой отсчета, и предполагает некоторое расстояние между этими двумя точками. Предлог above может относиться как к пространственному, физическому положению: in a flat above the shop в квартире над магазином; six feet above the level of the floor шесть футов над полом; above sea-level выше уровня моря/над уровнем моря; two degrees above zero два градуса выше нуля; так и к интеллектуальным способностям, духовным качествам и социальному положению: above your ability выше твоих способностей; above criticism выше всякой критики. (3.) При указании точного количества above 2., как и его антоним below, указывает только на направление и положение относительно точки отсчета, а само расстояние обозначено точно числительным: 500 feet above sea level пятьсят футов над уровнем моря; children above the age of 10 (aged 10 and above) дети старше десяти лет. (4.) Для указания движения над чем-либо, поверх чего-либо и часто перемещения за пределы этого объекта употребляется только over а не above: to throw the ball over the fence перебросить мяч через забор; to jump over the stream перепрыгнуть через ручей; to lean over the child склониться/наклониться над ребенком. То же касается и значения "превышение количества": he is over sixty ему более шестидесяти/ему/за шестьдесят. (5.) Русский предлог "над" может передаваться английскими предлогами above и over. Их различие состоит в том, что above предполагает вертикальное расстояние над объектом, с которым нет соприкосновения, a over предполагает покрытие объекта, часто при соприкосновении с ним: the clouds above the house тучи над домом; the shard over the bed тень/тент над кроватью; the umbrella above/over the head зонтик над головой; he held his hands over his head он прикрыл голову руками; the aeroplane flew high above/over the city самолет летел над городом. В случае касания объекта предлог over переводится как "на": to spread a newspaper over the table расстелить газету на столе
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